Is love triarchic or monarchical-hierarchical? a proposal of a general factor of love and a scale to measure it

One of the most widely used measures for evaluating love is the Triangular Love Scale (TLS) by Sternberg (1986) based on his Triarchic theory according to which, love is comprised of three reasonably independent components (intimacy, passion and commitment). However, different investigations contradict this idea. The purpose of the present investigation is to verify whether the structure of love is triarchic, with three independent factors, or monarchical-hierarchical, with a first level where the three components of love would be located, and a second higher level where they would be grouped together in a general factor of love. In order to do this, in addition to the use of the TLS scale, another equivalent called Quality Partner Relationship Scale (QPRS) was developed to test the stability of the results found, and to propose a measure of love based on the Sternberg components, but simpler and without problems of overlap between items. To test this question, we used a sample of 610 people matched by sex, age and social class, all of whom were partnered at the time of the evaluation. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were used to test the research objective, something that had not been done so far, and it was found that the structure that best fitted the data was monarchical-hierarchical in the case of the TLS as well as in the one of the QPRS. We can then state that love is structured around a general factor in which the three components are grouped: Intimacy, passion and commitment

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Sexual transgressions in couples: the influence of dependence and commitment on their perception and handling

Transgressions occur frequently in romantic relationships, and how they are perceived is influenced by the type of transgression that occurred. By means of an experimental study of 399 participants (75.9% women and 24.1% men) aged 18 to 64 years old (Mage = 31.20, SD = 10.48), we examined the relationship between the type of sexual transgression (infidelity versus coercion), and perceived severity, strategies individuals would use in response to the transgression, and the probability they would leave the relationship, as well as levels of dependence and commitment. Results revealed higher perceived severity (p < .001, η2p = .24) and probability of leaving the relationship (p < .001, η2p = .39) in the infidelity scenario (versus coercion). Meanwhile, women (compared to men) rated sexual transgressions as more severe (p < .001, η2p = .04) and reported a higher probability of leaving the relationship (p < .001, η2p = .03), as well as a higher use of active conflict resolution strategies (exit, p = .048, η2p = .01, and voice, p < .001, η2p = .06) and lower use of passive strategies (loyalty, p < .001, η2p = .08). Finally, high levels of commitment and dependence predicted lower perceived severity (commitment, p < .001, 95% CI [-.72, -.20]; dependence, p < .001, 95% CI [-1.73, -.85]) and lower probability of leaving the relationship (commitment, p = .048, 95% CI [-.55, -.01]; dependence, p < .001, 95% CI [-1.66, -.73]) in coercion (versus infidelity) transgressions. These results highlight the normalization of sexual coercion in romantic relationships, which is not viewed as negatively as infidelity, and that commitment and dependence contribute to minimizing the negative impressions of it

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Proceso y no proceso en el trabajo analítico / Process and non-process in analytic work

Los autores, trascendiendo la delimitación unipersonal de los conceptos de transferencia y contratransferencia, y apoyándose en su teorización sobre el campo analítico, se centran en lo que podría considerarse una creación del encuentro singular entre analizando y analista. Definen cómo la dinámica entre ambos puede entrar en fases de no-proceso y proponen el concepto de baluarte para referirse a cómo la colusión del inconsciente de ambos puede conducir a tal resultado. Para resolverlo definen la segunda mirada. Se basan en cómo una mirada externa al campo analítico puede ayudar a ver el campo desde fuera y detectar los baluartes para desactivarlos y volver a una dinámica de proceso (AU)

The authors, going beyond the unipersonal delimitation of the concepts of transference and countertransference, and drawing upon their theorization on the analytic field, focus upon what might be considered a "creation" of the singular encounter between analys and and analyst. They describe how the dynamic between both may enter into phases of non-process, and propose the concept of the "bastion" to refer to how the collusion of the unconscious of both sides may lead to such an outcome. In order to resolve this, they establish the concept of the "second look". This is based on how a look external to the analytic field may help to see the field from the outside, detecting the bastions in order to deactivate them and return to a process dynamic (AU)

Toma de decisiones en pacientes drogodependientes / Decision-making in drug-dependent patients

Introducción. La hipótesis del marcador somático propone que existen señales corporales que guían los procesos de toma de decisiones en un sentido adaptativo para el organismo. Para ver la influencia de estos marcadores sobre la toma de decisiones se ha utilizado la prueba “Iowa Gambling Task”, la cual se ha comprobado su alta sensibilidad a deterioros en la toma de decisiones de pacientes drogodependientes. Objetivo. Valorar el rendimiento de una muestra de pacientes drogodependientes en una tarea sensible a la medición del proceso de toma de decisiones, para ver si existen alteraciones significativas, y comparar el rendimiento de estos pacientes con el de personas no consumidoras (en la versión normal e invertida). Método. La muestra estaba formada por 66 personas (33 drogodependientes y 33 participantes controles). Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada sobre variables sociodemográficas y dos versiones de la tarea “Cartas”, versión computerizada de la Iowa Gambling Task. Resultados. Se dan diferencias significativas entre el grupo control y experimental en la ejecución de la tarea normal pero no en la inversa. El 75,76% de los pacientes drogodependientes presentan deterioro en la ejecución de la tarea frente a un 24,24% que la realizan de forma adecuada. Discusión. Los resultados indican la presencia de alteraciones en los procesos de toma de decisiones de los pacientes drogodependientes, mostrando éstos un rendimiento menor que el grupo control. Esto puede ser debido a una dificultad para generar estados somáticos en función de las posibles consecuencias futuras (miopía hacia el futuro) en los pacientes drogodependientes (AU)

Introduction. The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that certain body signals guide decision-making processes in an adaptive direction. To see the influence of these markers on decision-making we used the Iowa Gambling Task, through which several studies have shown impaired decision-making in drug-dependent patients. Objective. To assess the performance of a sample of drug-dependent patients in a task that is sensitive to the measurement of decision-making process, so as to see whether there are significant alterations, and to compare the performance of these patients with that of non-users (in the normal and inverted versions). Method. The sample consisted of 66 people (33 addicts and 33 control participants). We used a semi-structured interview on socio-demographic variables and two versions of the “Cartas” task, a computerised version of the Iowa Gambling Task. Result. Significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups in execution of the normal task, but not of the inverted version. In total, 75.76% of the drug-dependent patients showed impaired task performance, as against 24.24% who performed it correctly. Discussion. The results indicate the presence of alterations in the decision-making processes of drug-dependent patients, who did not perform as well as the control group. This may be due to difficulty in generating somatic states according to possible future consequences (myopia about the future) inpatients addicted to drugs (AU)

Codependencia y psicoterapia interpersonal / The codependency and interpersonal psychotherapy

La codependencia hace referencia a una actitud obsesiva y compulsiva hacia el control de otras personas y las relaciones, fruto de la propia inseguridad. El abordaje de la codependencia desde la psicoterapia interpersonal se basa en un enfoque pluralista, no doctrinario y empírico, que tiene características específicas. Su peculiaridad se encuentra en sus estrategias, no en sus técnicas. En ella se abordan cuatro áreas: duelo, disputas personales, déficits interpersonales y transiciones de rol (AU)